fgUnh Hkk"kk dh j{kk djks] ;gh le; gS
&MkW-j?kqohj

    Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fganw laLÑfr i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSaA bu 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k djus ds fy;s cgqr le; vkSj LFkku pkfg;sA vkt ds ys[k esa ge dsoy ,d NksVs ls iz'u ij fopkj djsaxsA ;g iz'u gS Hkk"kk dkA Hkkjro"kZ dh ,d jk"VªHkk"kk dkSu&lh ekuh tk;] fdl Hkk"kk dks izk/kkU; fn;k tk; \ Hkkjro"kZ esa iz/kku Hkk"kk,sa fgUnh] caxyk] vklkeh] mfM+;k] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] iatkch] dUuM+] rsyxw] rfey vkSj ey;kye gSaA buesa ls fganh Hkk"kk ds cksyus vkSj le>us okys 25 djksM+ ds yxHkx gSaA caxyk ds 5 djksM+ vkSj rsyqxw ds 4 djksM+A 'ks"k Hkk"kkvksa ds nks djksM+ vFkok mlls Hkh de gSA Li"Vr% fgUnh Hkk"kk dk LFkku Hkkjr esa gh ugha] vfirq lalkj esa Hkh Å¡pk gSA dsoy phuh Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i gh fganh ls vf/kd O;kid gSA vaxzsth&Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k fgUnh Hkkf"k;ksa ls vf/kd ughaA :lh Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k rks fgUnhHkkf"k;ksa ls vk/kh Hkh ughaA ;fn fganhHkk"kk dks jktuhfrd usrk vkSj gekjh fo/kkud=ha lHkk,¡ iz/kkurk nsus esa vkukdkuh djsa rks ;g vU;k; gh ugha] fdarq ,d izdkj dh mUeÙkrk gksxhA fganh ds LFkku esa fdlh u;h Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k djuk fofp= izdkj dk nqjkxzg vFkok feF;k n'kZu gSA
nsoukxjh fyfi dk LFkku fganh Hkk"kk dh vis{kk Hkh foLr`r gSA ejkBh vkSj usikyh Hkk"kk,¡ bl fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSaA xqtjkrh Hkk"kh Hkh bl fyfi dk i;kZIr iz;ksx djrs gSaA ¼mnkgj.kkFkZ cM+kSnk jkT;½A nsoukxjh fyfi bruh ljy] lEiw.kZ rFkk oSKkfud gS fd bldk iz;ksx Hkkjro"kZ dh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa ds fy;s gks ldrk gSA ;gh ugha nsoukxjh dh o.kZekyk dk Øe vkjEHk ls gh Hkkjr dk o.kZ Øe gSA dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; fyfi ,slh ugha] ftlesa ;g o.kZ Øe fo|eku u gksA nsoukxjh fyfi laLÑr dh eq[; fyfi gS ¼;|fi c¡xyk] mfM+;k vkSj nf{k.k dh fyfi;ksa esa Hkh laLÑr ds xzUFk izfro"kZ Nirs gSa] rFkkfi mudk iz;ksx dsoy vius&vius izkUr esa gh gksrk gS½A laLÑr ds }kjk rks nsoukxjh fyfi dks fo'oO;kih fyfi dgk tk ldrk gSA vkDlQksMZ vkSj yanu esa] isfjl] cfyZu vkSj Vksfd;ks esa] tgk¡&tgk¡ Hkh laLÑr dk v/;;u gksrk gS] ogk¡&ogk¡ nsoukxjh dk v/;;u gksrk gSA mi;qZDr uxjksa esa rks nsoukxjh ds eqnz.kky; gSa] ftuesa Hkkjr dh vis{kk Hkh vf/kd lqUnj laLÑr xzUFk izdkf'kr gksrs gSaA nsoukxjh fyfi Hkkjrh; lH;rk dk fo'ks"k vax gSA bldk LFkku dksbZ nwljh Hkk"kk dnkfi ugha ys ldrhA c¡xyk] xqtjkrh] vklkeh vkfn Hkkjrh; fyfi;k¡ nsoukxjh dh NksVh cfgusa gSaA ;g gks ldrk gS fd bu cfguksa esa ls fdlh dks Hkh lh[kuk nsoukxjh tkuus okys ds fy, dfBu ugha gSA fdarq Qkjlh tSlh fyfi dks] tks fons'kh gS] tks Hkk"kk foKku dh n`f"V ls nhu] ghu] nfjnz vkSj nks"kiw.kZ gS] nsoukxjh ds leku LFkku nsuk rks Hk;kud Hkwy vkSj Li"V ns'knzksg gSA fiNyh nl 'krkfCn;ksa ds bfrgkl dk v/;;u dhft, vkSj lef>;s fd Qkjlh fyfi dk izos'k fons'kh jkT;lRrk ds lkFk laca/k j[krk gSA ml jkT;lRrk ds lekIr gksus ds i'pkr~ Qkjlh fyfi dh lekfIr gks tkuh pkfg;sA ;fn bl ns'k ds dqN yksxksa us bl fyfi dks viuk;k gS vkSj viuh tUeHkwfe dh fyfi dks tku&cw>dj Hkqyk;k vkSj Bqdjk;k gS rks ;g mu yksxksa dk ns'knzksg gSA mUgsa ekxZ ij ykuk gekjk /keZ gS] u fd mu yksxksa dh viuh ns'knzksgh fopkj/kkjk dk iks"k.k djukA Qkjl ns'k Lons'k ugha] Qkjlh fyfi Lons'kh fyfi ugha] Qkjlh dk lkfgR; Lons'kh lkfgR; ugha vkSj Qkjlh jkT; Lons'kh jkT; ughaA Hkkjrh; f'k{kky;ksa esa Qkjlh] vjch vkSj laLÑr dks tks leku LFkku fn;k tkrk gS] ;g loZFkk feF;k&n`f"V dk ifj.kke gSA dgk¡ nsook.kh laLÑr gekjh tuuh] gekjh ekrkegh] gekjh /kk=h ] iks"k.kd=hZ] gekjs 'kjhj dh mPN~okl vkSj dgk¡ vjch&Qkjlh] ftudk laca/k bl ns'k ds lkFk oSlk gh jgk gS tks vkt vaxzsth dk gSAoLrqr% gekjs nqHkkZX;] nqcZyrk] ew[kZrk ds nqfoZikdksa dk uke vjch] Qkjlh vkSj vaxzsth gSA bu nqfoZikdksa dks nwj djus dk vc le; vk x;k gSA ohj vkSj foØkUr] lkSE; vkSj 'kkUr] /khj vkSj mnkRr lHkh mik;ksa ls viuh Hkk"kk] viuh laLÑfr] vius /keZ vkSj vius jkT; dh LFkkiuk] vfHko`f) vkSj izfrj{kk djus ds fy;s gedks dfVc) gks tkuk pkfg;sA ftu yksxksa us mnwZ] Qkjlh vkSj vaxzsth dk iBu&ikBu fd;k gS] tks yksx bu Hkk"kkvksa ds if.Mr gSa vkSj ftUgksaus bl ns'k dh Hkk"kk dh voKk] mis{kk vkSj voekuuk dh gS] os yksx ;fn vkt gekjs lkeus usrk ds :i esa vkdj gedks vk;Z iFk ls] /keZ ekxZ ls] laLÑr lsok ls] LolaLÑfr&J)k ls ijs gVkuk pkgrs gSa] vius in ls m[kkM+ dj gedks nwj Qsaduk pkgrs gSa] rks fganw /kekZoyfEc;ksa ! rqEgkjk Hkh ije/keZ cu tkrk gS fd rqe mu usrkvksa ds ,sls vlr~ ç;Ru dks dHkh lQy u gksus nksA vkt le; vk x;k gS fd bu ekxZ Hkwys gq, usrkvksa dh ukd esa udsy Mkyuh gksxh vkSj budks dqekxZ ls lqekxZ ij ykuk gksxkA ;fn Hkkjro"kZ dks jktuhfrd LorU=rk visf{kr Fkh rks og lç;sktu FkhA mldk ç;kstu] egku ç;kstu] vfrJs"B ç;kstu ,d Fkk vkSj gS& og gS Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh j{kk vkSj o`f)A gekjs usrkvksa ds lkeus ;g ç;kstu ugha gSA mudks u;s Kku&p{kq nsuk gekjk drZO; gSA ftl çdkj ls Hkkjr dh 'kkjhfjd Hkw[k vkt fodjky :i esa lkeus [kM+h gS vkSj mldk fujkdj.k djuk 'kkjhfjd thou ds fy;s vko';d gS] Bhd mlh çdkj Hkkjr dh vk/;kfRed Hkw[k Hkh ijkdk"Bk dks igq¡p pqdh gS] mldk fujkdj.k Hkh mruk gh vHkh"V gSA
    fganqLrkuh Hkk"kk ,d euq"; dh dYiuk gS] ftlls dgk tkrk gS fd fganw vkSj eqlYeku feydj jg ldsaxsA ge iwNrs gSa fd D;k caxky esa fganw&eqlYekuksa dh Hkk"kk ,d u Fkh \ D;k iatkc esa fganw&eqlYekuksa dh Hkk"kk ,d u Fkh \ D;k caxky vkSj iatkc ds eqlYekuksa dh Hkk"kk ,d Fkh] tks mUgksaus ,d jk"Vª cuk;k \ fganw&efLye&leL;k dk lEcU/k Hkk"kk ds lkFk ugha gSA fganw&efLye&leL;k Hkk"kk dh leL;k ls fHké gSA bl leL;k dks lqy>kus ds uke ij fganh dk guu djuk dnkfi mfpr ugha ! bl leL;k ds uke ij fganqvksa esa ls fganw&Hkkouk dks fudky nsuk ?kksj ikrd gSaA vkt rd fganqvksa us tgk¡&tgk¡ ekj [kk;h gS] mldk ,dek= dkj.k gS mudk la?kfVr u gksuk vkSj muesa fganw&Hkkouk dh rhozrk dk vHkkoA fganqvksa esa ,drk dk lw=ikr gq, fcuk Hkkjr dHkh vkxs u c<+ ldsxkA vkSj mlds fcuk fganw&eqfLye&leL;k Hkh ugha lqy>sxhA
    fganh Hkk"kk dk lEcU/k ,d vksj laLÑfr ls gS rks nwljh vksj Hkkjr dh leLr çkUrh; Hkk"kkvksa lsA fganqLrkuh dk lEcU/k Hkkjro"kZ ds fdlh çkUr ls ugha gSA fganqLrkuh esa tks 'kCn fganh Hkk"kk ds gSa] os Bhd gSa( D;ksafd os Hkkjrh; gSaA fdarq fganqLrkuh esa tks 'kCn fons'kh gSa] os rks fons'kh gh gSa( mudks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª dk vk/kkj cukuk dgk¡ dh cqf)eÙkk gSA
    ^dY;k.k* ds ikBdksa dk] ^dY;k.k* ds /keZijk;.k fganw&lH;rkfHkekuh /keZfu"B ikBdksa dk drZO; gS fd fo/kku&ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dks gtkjksa] yk[kksa dh la[;k esa i= igq¡pk nsa vkSj mudks cryk nsa fd fganw Hkkjro"kZ dh ,dek= Hkk"kk 'kq) laLÑre;h fganh] vkSj ,dek= fyfi nsoukxjh gSA bu nksuksa dh ç/kkurk dks fdlh Hkh çdkj ls ladqfpr djuk] dyafdr djuk] nwf"kr djuk] Hkkjr dh jktlfefr dk dk;Z ugha gks ldrkA
    vktdy ds ;qx dks oSKkfud vFkok ;U=&;qx dgk tkrk gSA bl ;qx esa tUe ysdj foKku vkSj ;U=ksa dk ç;ksx vfuok;Z gSa( fdarq foKku vkSj ;U=ksa dk ç;ksx djus ds fy;s gedks oSKkfud 'kCnksa dh vko';drk iM+sxhA vHkh rd ;gk¡ vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk lkezkT; jgk gSA vaxzsth Hkk"kk us gekjh Hkk"kkvksa dks ugha mBus fn;kA ftl çdkj ls eqfLye&jkT; ds dkj.k U;k;ky;ksa dh Hkk"kkvksa ij vjch vkSj Qkjlh 'kCnksa dk v/;kjksi fd;k x;k vkSj Hkkjrh; 'kCnksa dks ckgj fudky fn;k x;k] mlh çdkj foKku ds {ks= esa çkjEHk ls vaxzsth dk vkf/kiR; jgkA vaxzsth jkT; ds lekIr gksrs gh mudh Hkk"kk dh Hkh lekfIr gksuk vko';d gSA gekjs cgqr&ls usrk vaxzsth dh ç/kkurk dks nwj djuk ugha pkgrsA LorU=rk dk uke tirs gq, Hkh muds jkse&jkse esa vaxzsth dk çse Hkjk gSA fdarq ge rks fu'p; dj pqds gSa fd gekjs ns'k esas vaxzsth dk lkezkT; ugha jg ldsxkA mlds LFkku ij fganh dk lkezkT; gksxkA Hkkjro"kZ esa nwljh dksbZ Hkk"kk ugha] tks foKku ds lkjs 'kCnksa dks ns ldsA fganh ds 'kCn laLÑr ls fy;s tkus ds dkj.k Hkkjro"kZ dh lHkh çkUrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks xzká gksaxsA foKku ds pkgs fdrus&ls&fdrus dfBu 'kCn D;ksa u gksa] mu lcds fy;s gh laLÑr /kkrqvksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kCn cu tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s if{k;ksa ds gh ,d&nks oSKkfud uke ys yhft;sA Corvus Corax laurencel dk fganh uke if'pe æks.k dkd gSA ;s dkSos Hkkjr ds if'pe Hkkx iatkc vkfn esa gksrs gSaA Nucifraga caryocatacts Hemispila dk uke fgeky; 'osr&fcanq Qyfç; gSAAncylostomidae vadq'keq[k A ;s cgqr NksVs&NksVs çk.kh gksrs gSaA budh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd buds eq[k ij vadq'k ds leku vax fudyk gksrk gSA Androecium iqeaxA ;g o`{kksa dh iq#"ksfUæ; gSA o`{kksa esa Hkh iq#"k vkSj L=h&nks fyax gksrs gSaA Ornithopter pyi{k foekuA vFkkZr~ ,slk foeku ftlds ia[k fgyrs jgrs gksa& bR;kfn&bR;kfnA ge Lo;a bl dke esa fiNys lksyg o"kks± ls yxs gq, gSa vkSj ,d yk[k ls vf/kd 'kCn ge laLÑr Hkk"kk ls ys pqds gSaA bu 'kCnksa dk lEcU/k foKku dh yxHkx lHkh eq[; 'kk[kkvksa ls gSA <wa<us ij Hkh] rFkk dksfV ;Ru djus ij Hkh fganqLrkuh vFkok mnwZ] vjch] Qkjlh vkSj rqdhZ vFkok bu lcds esy ls foKku ds 'kCnksa dh iwfrZ u gksxhA gSnjkckn jkT; us yk[kksa #i;s O;; fd;s vkSj dqN FkksM+s cgqr 'kCn cukdj gkj cSBs vkSj vaxzsth dk eq[k rkdus yxsA gedks rks vaxzsth dk eq[k rkdus dh vko';drk ughaA fdarq ;fn fganqLrkukh vkJ; fy;k x;k rks dHkh Hkh ,slk le; ugha vk;sxk tc ge vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh nklrk] vFkZghurk] ladh.kZrk vkSj tfVyrk ls eqfä ik;saxsA tks yksx fganqLrkuh ds i{kikrh gSa] os vaxzsth ds Hkh leFkZd gSaA 'kq) Hkkjrh; lH;rk] /keZ] Hkk"kk] foKku vkSj n'kZu dks mn; gksus ds fy;s Hkkjr dk efLr"d LorU= gksuk pkfg;sA bl ij fdlh dk cks> ugha iM+uk pkfg;sA ;fn eqlYekuksa vkSj bZlkb;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k fons'kh gS rks f'k{kk }kjk] ;qfä }kjk rFkk jktuhfrd 'kfä dk ç;ksx djds mudks Lons'kh cukuk pkfg;sA ;g ckr cgqr dfBu vFkok vlEHko ugha gSA ;fn ,slk u fd;k x;k rks Hkkjr dk çkphu xkSjo u"V gks tk;sxk] gekjh lkaLÑfrd iSr`d laifÙk foyqIr gks tk;xh vkSj ge nhu] ghu] bfrgkl&'kwU; taxyh tkfr;ksa ds leku Qkjl] vjc vkSj baXyS.M ds }kj ij fHk[kkjh cu tk;saxsA ij fganh dk vkJ; ysus ij fganw&laLÑfr cph jgsxh vkSj tks dqN Hkh Hkkjr esa xkSjokLin oLrq,¡ 'ks"k gSa] mudh viuh vk/kkj&f'k{kk cukdj ge iqujfi lalkj ds vxzxkeh usrk cu ldsaxsA
    ¼fganh dk ç'u cM+s gh egÙo dk gSA fganh ds LFkku ij ;fn fganqLrkuh Hkk"kk vkSj nsoukxjh ds lkFk Qkjlh fyfi vk x;h rks fganw&laLÑfr ij vkxs py dj Hk;kud foifÙk vk;sxh] ftlls j{kk ikuk vR;Ur dfBu gks tk;xkA ;|fi dkaxzsl esa cgqla[;d x.;ekU; egkuqHkko fganh&ukxjh dk egÙo le>us okys gSa rFkk ;Fkklk/; os blds fy;s ç;Ru Hkh dj jgs gSa] rFkkfi dqN mPp dksfV ds usrkvksa dk er muds vuqdwy ugha gS vkSj ,slh ps"Vk Hkh gks jgh gS fd ns'k dh Hkk"kk fganh ds LFkku ij fganqLrkuh ekuh tk;A vr,o ^dY;k.k* ds ikBdksa ls vuqjks/k gS fd os fganh rFkk nsoukxjh dks gh ns'k dh Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi Lohdkj djus ds fy;s Mk- jktsUæ çlkn th] ekSykuk vCnqy dyke vktkn ¼f'k{kk lnL;½] u;h fnYyh rFkk vius çkUr ds fo/kku&ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa dks yk[kksa dh la[;k esa i= nsaA &lEiknd ^dY;k.k*½
¼dY;k.k] flrEcj] 1947 ls lkHkkjA çs"kd % Jh fo".kq dqekj nqcs] Xokfy;j ls½